Quality of Life of Chilean Breast Cancer Survivors: Multicentric Study / Qualidade de Vida de Sobreviventes de Câncer de Mama do Chile: Estudo Multicêntrico / Calidad de Vida de Sobrevivientes de Cáncer de Mama de Chile: Estudio Multicentrico

Introduction: As breast cancer survivorship rates increase, so does the necessity to improve survivors' health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Objective: To analyze HRQoL among Chilean breast cancer survivors, in general and considering geographic location. In addition, to correlate HRQoL with age, education level and body mass index (BMI). Method: Cross-sectional observational study which included 125 female breast cancer survivors from three public hospitals in three Chilean Macroregions: Central, North Central, and South. The EORTC Questionnaires, QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23, and sociodemographic and clinical records were applied. Results: The mean age was 56.1 (±11.9) years with a HRQoL summary score of 67.6 (21.9). HRQoL was reduced mainly in emotional functioning, pain, and insomnia. Fatigue, dyspnea, appetite loss, constipation, financial difficulties, breast and arm symptoms were also reported. The women from the South Macroregion Hospital presented the worst HRQoL scores for most of the domains [general health, functioning (physical, emotional, cognitive and social), fatigue, and nausea], p<0.001. The summary score of HRQoL was correlated to age (Spearman ́s rho=0.202, p=0.033), BMI (rho=-0.341, p<0.001), and education level (rho=0.310, p=0.001). Conclusion: Women from three Macroregions showed differences in HRQoL. The latter correlated to age, BMI, and education level. Considering the high presence of symptoms, it is necessary to improve survivorship care plans, providing access to rehabilitation in the continuum of care.

Introdução: À medida que as taxas de sobrevivência do câncer de mama aumentam, também aumenta a necessidade de melhorar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) dos sobreviventes. Objetivo: Analisar a QVRS em geral e considerando a localização geográfica entre sobreviventes de câncer de mama chilenas. Além disso, correlacionar a QVRS com idade, nível educacional e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Método: Estudo observacional transversal que incluiu 125 mulheres sobreviventes de câncer de mama de três hospitais públicos em três Macrorregiões chilenas: Central, Norte-Central e Sul. Foram utilizados os Questionários EORTC QLQ-C30 e QLQ-BR23 e os registros sociodemográficos e clínicos. Resultado: A média de idade foi de 56,1 (±11,9) anos com escore resumido de QVRS de 67,6 (21,9). A QVRS estava reduzida principalmente no funcionamento emocional, dor e insônia. Fadiga, dispneia, perda de apetite, constipação, dificuldades financeiras, sintomas de braço e mama também foram mencionados. As mulheres do hospital da Macrorregião Sul apresentaram os piores escores de QVRS para a maioria dos domínios [saúde geral, funcionamento (físico, emocional, cognitivo e social), fadiga e náusea], p<0,001. A pontuação geral de QVRS esteve correlacionada com idade (rho de Spearman=0,202, p=0,033), IMC (rho=-0,341, p<0,001) e nível educacional (rho=0,310, p=0,001). Conclusão: As mulheres das três Macrorregiões apresentaram diferenças na QVRS.Esta última se correlacionou com idade, IMC e nível educacional. Considerando a alta presença de sintomas, há necessidade de aprimoramento dos planos de atenção à sobrevivência, possibilitando acesso à reabilitação no contínuo do cuidado

Introducción: A medida que aumentan las tasas de supervivencia al cáncer de mama, también aumenta la necesidad de mejorar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CdV) de las sobrevivientes. Objetivo: Analizar la CdV entre supervivientes chilenas de cáncer de mama, en general y considerando ubicación geográfica. Además, correlacionar CdV con edad, nivel educacional e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Método: Estudio observacional transversal que incluyó a 125 mujeres sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama de tres Hospitales públicos de tres Macrorregiones de Chile: Centro, Centro Norte y Sur. Se utilizaron los Cuestionarios EORTC QLQ-C30 y QLQ-BR23, historias sociodemográficas y clínicas. Resultados: La edad media fue de 56,1 (±11,9) años con una puntuación resumida de CdV de 67,6 (21,9). La CdV estuvo disminuida principalmente en funcionamiento emocional, dolor e insomnio. Fatiga, disnea, pérdida de apetito, estreñimiento, dificultades financieras, síntomas de brazo y mama también fueron reportados. Las mujeres del hospital de la Macrorregión Sur presentaron las peores puntuaciones de calidad de vida en la mayoría de los dominios [salud general, funcionamiento (físico, emocional, cognitivo y social), fatiga y nausea], p<0,001. El puntaje de CdV estuvo correlacionado con edad (rho de Spearman =0,202, p=0,033), IMC (rho=-0,341, p<0,001) y nivel educacional (rho=0,310, p=0,001). Conclusión: Las mujeres pertenecientes a tres regiones presentaron diferencias en la CdV.Esta última se correlacionó con edad, IMC y nivel educacional. Considerando la elevada presencia de síntomas, es necesario mejorar los planes de atención a las sobrevivientes, posibilitando acceso a rehabilitación en el continuo de los cuidados.

The effectiveness of different electrical nerve stimulation protocols for treating adults with non-neurogenic overactive bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Electrical nerve stimulation is a widely used treatment for overactive bladder but there is no consensus regarding the best placement of electrodes or protocols. We hypothesised that some non-implanted neurostimulation protocols would be more effective compared to others for treating urinary symptoms and improving quality of life among adults diagnosed with non-neurogenic overactive bladder. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials were performed in five electronic databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Lilacs, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PEDro. The main outcome was urinary symptoms-frequency, nocturia, and urgency-and the secondary outcome quality of life. Some protocol characteristics were extracted, e.g., frequency, pulse width, intensity, intervention time, and electrode placement. RESULTS: Nine randomized controlled trials were included. Tibial neurostimulation showed better results than sacral neurostimulation for urge incontinence (mean difference = 1.25 episodes, 95% CI, 0.12-2.38, n = 73). On the pooled analysis, the different neurostimulation protocols-intravaginal, percutaneous tibial, and transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation-demonstrated similar results for urinary frequency, nocturia, and urgency as well as quality of life. In general, effect sizes from meta-analyses were low to moderate. The best reported parameters for percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation were 20-Hz frequency and 200-µs width, once a week. CONCLUSIONS: There was evidence that tibial neurostimulation is more effective than sacral neurostimulation for urge incontinence symptoms among patients with non-neurogenic overactive bladder. Overall, there was no superiority of an electrical nerve stimulation electrode placement and protocol over others considering urinary symptoms and quality of life. Further studies with three-arm trials are necessary. This study was registered at PROSPERO: CRD4201810071.

Effects of belly dancing intervention on sexual function and body image in breast cancer patients undergoing hormone therapy - randomized clinical trial / Efeito da dança do ventre na função sexual e imagem corporal de pacientes em hormonioterapia para o câncer de mama - ensaio clínico randomizado

Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer is a public health problem because of its high incidence. Its often-mutilating treatment can cause serious problems with regard to body image and sexual function in these women. Belly dancing is a possible option to improve the femininity of these women. Objective: The aim of this two-arm randomized study was to determine the effect of practicing belly dancing on sexual function and body image in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant hormone therapy in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Methods: The study randomized 24 women (60 ± 10.4 years old) diagnosed with breast cancer, 11 in the intervention group (IG) and 13 in the control group (CG). A questionnaire was used to evaluate personal and clinical characteristics, body image (BIBCQ), and sexual function (FSFI). Results: On the body image scale, in the domains of body stigma (p = 0.002) and body concerns (p = 0.017), significant intergroup differences were found, with better body image for the IG in the post-intervention period when compared to the CG. In sexual function, no significant differences were found. Conclusion: Belly dancing as physical exercise helps improve body image in patients with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant treatment with hormone therapy.

Resumo Introdução: O câncer de mama é um problema para a saúde pública devido ao alto número de incidência. Seu tratamento muitas vezes mutilador pode trazer sérios problemas na imagem corporal e na função sexual dessas mulheres. A dança do ventre vem como uma opção passível para melhorar a feminilidade dessas mulheres. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da prática da dança do ventre na função sexual e na imagem corporal de pacientes em tratamento adjuvante de hormonioterapia para o câncer de mama em Santa Catarina. Métodos: O ensaio clínico randomizado de dois braços foi realizado com 24 mulheres (60 ± 10,4 anos) diagnosticadas com câncer de mama, sendo 11 no grupo de intervenção (GI) e 13 no grupo controle (GC). Utilizou-se um questionário avaliando características pessoais e clínicas, imagem corporal BIBCQ e função sexual FSFI. Resultados: Na escala de imagem corporal, nos domínios estigma corporal (p = 0,002) e preocupações com o corpo (p = 0,017), foram encontradas diferenças significativas intergrupo, com melhor imagem corporal para o GI no período pós-intervenção quando comparado ao GC. Na função sexual não foram encontradas diferenças significativas. Conclusão: Percebe-se a importância do exercício físico como a dança do ventre a fim de auxiliar na melhora da imagem corporal de pacientes com câncer de mama em tratamento adjuvante com hormonioterapia.

Effects of myofascial reorganization associated with kinesiotherapy on chronic pain and functionality of breast cancer survivors: development of a study protocol / Efeitos da reorganização miofascial associada à cinesioterapia na dor crônica e funcionalidade de sobreviventes de câncer de mama: desenvolvimento de um protocolo de estudo

Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Treatments can lead to complications modifying upper limbs movement patterns and generating pain and functionality loss. Kinesiotherapy and myofascial reorganization (MR) have shown positive effects reducing chronic pain and improving upper limbs function. We hypothesize that these techniques can maximize results and reduce treatment time in clinical practice. Objective: To develop a study protocol to verify whether MR associated with kinesiotherapy is more effective than isolated kinesiotherapy to treat chronic pain and upper limb dysfunction in breast cancer survivors. Methods: Participants will be divided into two groups: intervention group (myofascial reorganization + kinesiotherapy) and sham group (traditional massage + kinesiotherapy). Six treatment sessions (once a week) and three-time assessment will occur. Instruments for assessing pain and functionality will be Visual Analogue Scale, Body Pain Diagram, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire, and goniometry. Statistical analysis will be conducted based on intention-to-treat analysis. To analyze the difference of means between groups, we will use T-Student or U Mann-Whitney test. Repeated measures ANOVA will be used to check treatments effects. Significance level for all tests will be 5%. Conclusion: We believe that the developed study protocol will show that MR associated with kinesiotherapy improve chronic pain and upper limbs functionality of breast cancer survivors.

Resumo Introdução: O câncer de mama é o tipo de câncer mais comum entre as mulheres. Os tratamentos podem levar a complicações, modificando os padrões de movimento dos membros superiores e gerando dor e perda de funcionalidade. A cinesioterapia e a reorganização miofascial (RM) têm demonstrado efeitos positivos na redução da dor crônica e na melhora da função dos membros superiores. A hipótese do presente estudo é que essas técnicas podem maximizar os resultados e reduzir o tempo de tratamento na prática clínica. Objetivo: Desenvolver um protocolo para verificar se a RM associada à cinesioterapia é mais eficaz do que a cinesioterapia isolada no tratamento da dor crônica e disfunção do membro superior em sobreviventes de câncer de mama. Métodos: As participantes serão divididas em dois grupos: grupo intervenção (reorganização miofascial + cinesioterapia) e grupo sham (massagem tradicional + cinesioterapia). Serão realizadas seis sessões de tratamento (uma vez por semana) e três avaliações. Os instrumentos de avaliação da dor e da funcionalidade serão a Escala Visual Analógica, o Diagrama de Dor Corporal, o Questionário de Deficiências do Braço, Ombro e Mão e a goniometria. A análise estatística será realizada com base na análise de intenção de tratar. Para analisar a diferença de médias entre os grupos, serão utilizados o teste T-Student ou U Mann-Whitney. ANOVA de medidas repetidas será utilizada para verificar os efeitos dos tratamentos. O nível de significância para todos os testes será de 5%. Conclusão: Espera-se que a RM associada à cinesioterapia melhore a dor crônica e a funcionalidade dos membros superiores de sobreviventes de câncer de mama.

The influence of 12-week dance intervention on sleep quality and pain among women with breast cancer - Pilot study of a non-randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Analyze the effects of a 12-week dance intervention on the sleep quality and the level of pain among women with breast cancer. METHODS: Non-randomized clinical trial including 21 breast cancer survivors allocated in intervention group (n = 11) or control group (n = 10). Intervention group received a 12-week mix dance intervention and the control group maintained their routine activities. Data collection was realized through the application of a questionnaire before and after 12 weeks, involving pain (VAS) and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). The Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Sidák correction, and multiple linear regression was used. RESULTS: No significant effects were found on sleep quality and pain after the 12-week intervention with a mix dance protocol. Also, no significant difference was found between intervention and control group during post-intervention. The multiple linear regression analysis, controlled by stage of treatment, did not present a significant relationship between sleep quality and pain. Additionally, some spontaneous reports provided by the participants demonstrated a subjective improvement in their social life and general well-being. CONCLUSION: The 12-week mix dance intervention did not seem to directly influence the sleep quality and pain of breast cancer survivors in this study; however, no adverse events were reported. Perhaps, a dance protocol focusing only in one modality of dance may be more effective for breast cancer survivors on sleep quality and pain.

Comparison between Two Methods to Evaluate Function in Postoperative Breast Cancer Survivors.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment for breast cancer can cause adverse effects such as pain and reduced upper limb function which can affect activities of daily living. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire is the most used tool for evaluating function in breast cancer survivors. However, some specific aspects have raised discussions about its restricted coverage, which can generate several biases. OBJECTIVE: To determine if DASH scores differed when assessed before and after task-oriented training (TOT) at 3 and 6 months after breast cancer surgery. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Institutional study of 22 women assessed at 3 and 6 months after breast cancer surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DASH questionnaire and TOT assessment. Two correlation tests were performed: Spearman's correlation between the total score of the two DASH scores (pre- and post-TOT) and the Kendall's tau correlation between each of the items. RESULTS: There was a moderate and excellent correlation between final DASH scores, pre- and post-TOT, at both 3 and 6 months postoperatively. However, when assessed individually, most of the DASH items were poorly correlated. There was also no agreement between the total DASH scores pre- and post-TOT as assessed by Bland-Altman plots. CONCLUSION: Both the DASH and TOT are considered useful in clinical practice to assess upper limb function, although the use of TOT in some of the DASH items may reduce memory bias and improve skills estimation.

Pain characteristics and quality of life of breast cancer survivors that return and do not return to work: an exploratory cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: the aim of this study is two-fold: 1) to explore the pain characteristics among breast cancer survivors that return to work and do not return to work; 2) to identify the factors associated with pain on the upper quadrant of the affected side. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-two breast cancer survivors were included. Quality of life was assessed using EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23. Pain characteristics were assessed with a body diagram and a numeric rating scale. RESULTS: Thirty-five breast cancer survivors did not return to work. Ninety-one percent of women that did not return to work reported pain. The most frequent pain sites were the cervical spine and the axilla of the affected side. There were no significant differences in pain intensity between groups. The factors associated with pain on the upper quadrant of the affected side were perception of shoulder stiffness OR = 5.93 (1.38-44.87, 95%CI) and time since surgery of more than four years OR = 5.54 (1.36-20.97, 95% CI). CONCLUSIONS: Pain was highly prevalent among breast cancer survivors. Breast cancer survivors that returned to work presented better quality of life. Longer time since surgery and perception of shoulder stiffness were associated with pain on the upper quadrant of the affected side.Implications for rehabilitationPain is a major factor following breast cancer surgery preventing returning to work.This group reported more pain on the cervical spine and axilla of the affected side.Rehabilitation needs to focus specifically on pain management in order to improve quality of life.A multidisciplinary approach involving pain specialists and vocational support is recommended.

Câncer de Mama e Atividade Física: Percepções durante a Pandemia de Covid-19 / Breast Cancer and Physical Activity: Perceptions during the COVID-19 Pandemic / Cáncer de Mama y Actividad Física: Percepciones durante la Pandemia de Covid-19

Introdução: O cenário de isolamento social imposto pela pandemia da Covid-19 tem representado um desafio para a saúde física e mental de mulheres em tratamento do câncer de mama. Objetivo: Investigar a percepção dos impactos da prática da atividade física remota nos sintomas clínicos e físicos de mulheres com câncer de mama durante o isolamento social imposto pela pandemia da Covid-19. Método:Estudo qualitativo e exploratório com 32 participantes com câncer de mama de um programa de extensão de uma universidade pública do Sul do Brasil. O roteiro de entrevista, aplicado nos meses de abril e maio de 2020, foi composto por 30 questões abertas e fechadas, cujos dados foram transcritos na íntegra e analisados a partir da técnica de Análise de Discurso. Resultados: Três aspectos ganharam destaque na análise (categorias a priori), considerando-se o efeito do tempo, nomeadamente: a) aspectos pessoais e clínicos; b) aspectos físicos e clínicos antes e durante o isolamento social (nível de atividade física, dor e disposição geral); c) aspectos relacionados à prática de atividade física realizada de forma remota (percepções gerais acerca das adaptações às atividades remotas e dificuldades em realizar a prática no ambiente domiciliar). Conclusão: O isolamento social imposto pelo perigo iminente do contágio parece ter contribuído para o acirramento dos sintomas clínicos e físicos do câncer de mama, tais como o aumento percebido do linfedema e as dores, sobretudo no braço correspondente à cirurgia oncológica, além de refletir em uma diminuição significativa da prática regular de atividade física.

Introduction: The social isolation scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic is challenging for the physical and mental health of women in breast cancer treatment. Objective: To investigate the perception of the impacts of the practice of remote physical activity on the clinical and physical symptoms of women with breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic imposed social isolation. Method: Qualitative and exploratory study with 32 participants with breast cancer of a South public university extension program in Brazil. The interview script applied from April to May 2020 consisted of 30 open and closed questions, fully transcribed and analyzed based in the Discourse Analysis method. Results: Three aspects stood out in the analysis (a prioricategories), considering the effect of the time, respectively: a) physical and clinical aspects; b) physical and clinical aspects before and during social isolation (level of physical activity, pain and general disposition); c) aspects related to physical activity practice carried out remotely (overall perceptions about adaptation to remote activities and difficulties while performing in home environment). Conclusion: The imposed social isolation due to the imminent danger of spread appears to have contributed for the aggravation of breast cancer clinical and physical symptoms, such as the perceived increase of lymphedema and pain in the homolateral limb of the surgery, mostly, in addition to causing a significant reduction of physical activity regular practice.

Introducción: El escenario de aislamiento social impuesto por la pandemia Covid-19 ha sido un desafío para la salud física y mental de las mujeres en tratamiento por cáncer de mama. Objetivo: Investigar la percepción de los impactos de la práctica de actividad física a distancia sobre los síntomas clínicos y físicos de mujeres con cáncer de mama, durante el aislamiento social impuesto por la pandemia de Covid-19. Método: Estudio cualitativo y exploratorio con 32 participantes con cáncer de mama, de un programa de extensión en una universidad pública del Sur de Brasil. El guion de la entrevista, aplicado en los meses de abril y mayo de 2020, estuvo compuesto por 30 preguntas abiertas y cerradas, cuyos datos fueron transcritos íntegramente y analizados mediante la técnica de Análisis del Discurso. Resultados: En el análisis se destacaron tres aspectos (categorías a priori), considerando el efecto del tiempo, a saber: a) aspectos personales y clínicos; b) aspectos físicos y clínicos antes y durante el aislamiento social (nivel de actividad física, dolor y disposición general); c) aspectos relacionados con la práctica de actividad física realizada de forma remota (percepciones generales sobre adaptaciones a actividades remotas y dificultades para realizar práctica en el entorno del hogar). Conclusión: El aislamiento social que impone el inminente peligro de contagio parece haber contribuido al agravamiento de los síntomas clínicos y físicos del cáncer de mama, como la percepción de aumento de linfedema y dolor, especialmente en el brazo correspondiente a la cirugía oncológica, además de reflexionar sobre una disminución significativa de la actividad física regular.

Functionality and factors associated with work behaviour among Brazilian breast cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer treatments lead to several comorbidities in the upper limbs, such as pain and stiffness, hindering physical functions and the return to work. OBJECTIVE: To explore the functionality and factors associated with work behaviour among manual and non-manual Brazilian workers who have recovered from breast cancer. METHODS: This is an observational cross-sectional study involving Brazilian breast cancer survivors. The sociodemographic, work, and clinical aspects were assessed through clinical records, upper limb disability, and human functionality obtained from 62 women. Multiple and univariate logistic regressions were used to identify the association of variables on return to work, p < 0.05. RESULTS: 56.5% of women did not return to work, the mean time for returning to work was 16 months (±15.21), absenteeism from work lasted 41 months (±34.58). Modified radical mastectomy (OR = 5.13, 95% CI = 1.35 to 18.66) and moderate-to-severe disability levels in the upper limbs (OR = 6.77, 95% CI = 1.86 to 24.92) were associated with not returning to work. The loss of productivity was higher among non-manual workers (21.5%) (p = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: The rates of not returning to work after breast cancer treatment are high. Women who did not return to work presented higher levels of disability.

Vaginal Dilator and Pelvic Floor Exercises for Vaginal Stenosis, Sexual Health and Quality of Life among Cervical Cancer Patients Treated with Radiation: Clinical Report.

This clinical report aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of vaginal dilator (VD) and pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFME) on vaginal stenosis, sexual health and quality of life among women undergoing radiotherapy treatment for cervical cancer; PFME were instructed prior to radiotherapy with six-month follow-up. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed for the 28 women. At four-months after radiotherapy, most of the women (90.9%) maintained/increased one size of the VD and were sexually active (81.8%). Adherence to VD was high. Regarding quality of life, there was more limitation in emotional functioning. VD and PFME were effective at preventing stenosis.

Capacidade pulmonar e funcional no pós-operatório de mulheres submetidas à mastectomia: série de casos / Pulmonary and functional capacity in the post-surgery of women submitted to mastectomy: preliminary results

Mulheres submetidas à cirurgia de mastectomia podem apresentar algumas complicações, dentre elas, alterações respiratórias e prejuízo funcional. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cinemática da parede torácica e a capacidade funcional no pós-operatório de pacientes mastectomizadas sem tratamento neoadjuvante e adjuvante associados. Foram avaliadas 4 mulheres no grupo mastectomia (GM) e 4 mulheres no grupo controle (GC). Todas as participantes foram submetidas aos procedimentos de avaliação antropométrica, função pulmonar, força muscular respiratória, cinemática da parede torácica e capacidade funcional. O GM também foi submetido à avaliação de inspeção e palpação torácica. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Foi observado que o GM apresentou menor variação de volume corrente da parede torácica, com delta de variação de 22,03% a menos que o GC, sendo a maior redução de volume corrente evidenciada no compartimento de caixa torácica pulmonar, com redução de 41,57% em relação ao GC. O GM não apresentou alterações de função pulmonar, força muscular respiratória e capacidade funcional, apresentando valores de normalidade nessas avaliações. Portanto, mulheres submetidas ao procedimento cirúrgico de mastectomia, sem tratamento neoadjuvante e adjuvante associados, não apresentaram comprometimento da função pulmonar, da força muscular respiratória e da capacidade funcional, contudo foi verificado redução do volume pulmonar na região do procedimento cirúrgico.

Women submitted to a mastectomy surgery may present some complications, among them, respiratory changes and functional impairment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chest wall kinematics and functional capacity in the postoperative period of mastectomized patients without associated adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment. A total of four (4) women in the mastectomy group (MG) and four (4) in the control group (CG) were evaluated. All participants were submitted to the procedures of anthropometric evaluation, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, chest wall kinematics and functional capacity. Patients in MG were also submitted to an inspection and palpation evaluation of the chest and breasts. Database was analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was observed that the MG presented a smaller variation of tidal volume of the chest wall, with a variation delta of 22.03% less than CG, with the largest reduction in tidal volume evidenced in the pulmonary chest cavity compartment, with a reduction of 41.57% when compared to CG. The MG did not present alterations of pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity, presenting values of normality in these evaluations. Therefore, women submitted to the surgical procedure of mastectomy without associated neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment did not present any impairment of pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity. However, a reduction could be observed in the pulmonary volume in the region of the surgical procedure.

Pilates and dance to patients with breast cancer undergoing treatment: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial - MoveMama study.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a global public health issue. The side effects of the clinical treatment can decrease the quality of life of these women. Therefore, a healthy lifestyle is essential to minimize the physical and psychological side effects of treatment. Physical activity has several benefits for women with breast cancer, and Pilates solo and belly dancing can be an enjoyable type of physical activity for women with breast cancer undergoing clinical treatment. The purpose of this study is to provide a Pilates solo and a belly dance protocol (three times per week/16 weeks) for women undergoing breast cancer treatment and compare its effectiveness with that in the control group. METHODS: The participants will be allocated to either the intervention arm (Pilates solo or belly dance classes three times per week for 16 weeks) or a control group (receipt of a booklet on physical activity for patients with breast cancer and maintenance of habitual physical activity routine). The Pilates solo and belly dance classes will be divided into three stages: warmup and stretching, the main stage, and relaxation. Measurements of the study outcomes will take place at baseline; postintervention; and 6, 12, and 24 months after the end of the intervention (maintenance period). The data collection for both groups will occur with a paper questionnaire and tests covering general and clinical information. The primary outcome will be quality of life (EORT QLQ-C30 and EORT QLQ-BR23), and secondary outcomes will be physical aspects such as cardiorespiratory fitness (6-min walk test and cycle ergometer), lymphedema (sum of arm circumference), physical activity (IPAQ short version), disabilities of the arm (DASH), range of motion (goniometer test), muscular strength (dynamometer test) and flexibility (sit and reach test), and psychological aspects such as depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), body image (Body Image After Breast Cancer Questionnaire), self-esteem (Rosenberg), fatigue (FACT-F), pain (VAS), sexual function (FSFI), and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). DISCUSSION: In view of the high prevalence of breast cancer among women, the implementation of a specific protocol of Pilates solo and belly dancing for patients with breast cancer is important, considering the necessity to improve their physical and psychological quality of life. Pilates solo and belly dancing are two types of physical activity that involve mental and physical concentration, music, upper limb movements, femininity, and social involvement. An intervention with these two physical activities could offer options of supportive care to women with breast cancer undergoing treatment, with the aim being to improve physical and psychological quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03194997. Registration date 12 August 2017. Universal Trial Number (World Health Organization), U1111-1195-1623.

Adherence and effectiveness of a single instruction of pelvic floor exercises: a randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: In Brazil there are limited knowledge and education about preventative exercises for pelvic floor muscles (PFMs). We hypothesised that a single pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) session immediately postpartum would be effective in preventing urinary incontinence (UI) in a 3-month postpartum period with good adherence rates. METHODS: Two hundred two women were approached for this randomised controlled trial and randomly assigned to two groups: the control group and experimental group. The intervention comprised a visual assessment of PFM contraction, a single PFME instruction session supervised by a physical therapist, and an educational approach through distribution of brochures about home-based PFME exercises (without supervision). Involuntary urinary loss and quality of life (QoL) were evaluated using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (main outcome). Sociodemographic and clinical information was collected. Adherence and barriers were assessed via telephone/mobile phone surveys (secondary outcomes). RESULTS: The adherence rate was 85.1%; only 37% of the women reported having some knowledge about PFME prior to participating in this study. The main barriers to PFME mentioned were forgetfulness (61.2%), lack of time (52.2%), and the need to take care of the baby (56.7%). One instruction session on postnatal PFME delivered in the immediate postpartum period was ineffective for improving urinary symptoms such as frequency of leakage (p = 0.821), amount of leakage (p = 0.746), and influence of leakage on QoL (p = 0.823). In addition, there was no difference in QoL 3 months post-partum (p = 0.872). CONCLUSIONS: Although the proposed intervention did not prevent UI symptoms, the adherence rate to PFME was high.

Physical symptoms and components of labor tasks associated with upper limb disability among working breast cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: Each year, the number of breast cancer (BC) cases increases in Brazil and worldwide. In addition, BC affects women of working age who need to resume their jobs after treatments. This is an observational, cross-sectional study that investigated the association of physical symptoms and work tasks with upper limb disability and return to work in BC survivors. METHODS: Sociodemographic, labor, clinical and surgical aspects, and physical incapacity of the upper limbs of 62 women diagnosed with BC were evaluated through a questionnaire of our own and the disability of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) questionnaire. The data were analyzed by the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 20.0 and a significance of p < 0.05 was adopted. Logistic regression and odds ratio were used to verify the level of association between work tasks and pain with return to work, and multiple linear regression verified the association of physical symptoms with upper limb functionality. RESULTS: The work tasks associated with non-return to work were raising objects above the head (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.26-10.51), lifting objects of more than 5 kg (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.02-8.13), and loading objects of more than 5 kg (OR 3.93; 95% CI 1.14-10.07). The pain in the upper quadrant homologous to the surgery explained 64% of the variance in physical incapacity of the upper limbs. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association of labor tasks that require upper limb strength and range of motion with non-return to work, and also pain in the upper quadrant homologous to the BC with reduction in the functionality of the upper limbs.

Relationship between pelvic floor muscle and sexual function in physically active older women / Relação da funcionalidade da musculatura do assoalho pélvico com a função sexual de idosas ativas fisicamente / Relación de la funcionalidad de la musculatura del piso pélvico con la función sexual de las personas mayores activas físicamente

Abstract Introduction: Physical activity is beneficial to psychological and physical health, which ultimately affects sexual health and quality of life. In turn, strong pelvic floor muscles (PFM) can positively affect the sex life of women. Objective: Assess the relationship between pelvic floor muscle and sexual function in physically active older women. Method: 35 sexually and physically active older women with an average age of 69.5 years participated in this study. Physical activity level was assessed with an accelerometer. A diagnostic flow chart and the female sexual function index (FSFI) were applied to assess female sexual function and the PERFECT scheme to assess PFM. Data were collected by two previously trained and blinded researchers and submitted to descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation. Results: There was a significant correlation between the number of fast-twitch muscle fiber contractions and sexual function (rho = -0.41032; p = 0.0144) and the orgasm dimension (rho = -0.34679; p = 0.0413) in older participants. Conclusion: Pelvic floor muscles are related to female sexual function and it is important for older women to remain physically active.

Resumo Introdução: A atividade física é benéfica à saúde física e psicológica, afeta a saúde sexual e a qualidade de vida. Por sua vez, músculos do assoalho pélvico (MAP) fortes podem ter um efeito positivo na vida sexual das mulheres. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre os MAP e a função sexual em mulheres idosas fisicamente ativas. Método: Participaram 35 idosas, sexualmente e fisicamente ativas, com idade média de 69,5 anos. O nível de atividade física foi avaliado com um acelerômetro. Um fluxograma de diagnóstico e índice de função sexual feminina (FSFI) foram aplicados para avaliar a função sexual feminina e o esquema PERFECT para avaliar os MAP. Os dados foram coletados por dois pesquisadores previamente treinados e cegos e submetidos à estatística descritiva e à correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Houve uma correlação significativa entre o número de contrações das fibras musculares de contração rápida e a função sexual (rho = -0,41032; p = 0,0144) e a dimensão do orgasmo (rho = -0,34679; p = 0,0413) nos idosos. Conclusão: Os MAP estão relacionados à função sexual feminina e é importante que as mulheres idosas permaneçam fisicamente ativas.

Resumen Introducción: La actividad física aporta beneficios para la salud física y psicológica, lo que influencia la salud sexual y la calidad de vida. Por su parte, los músculos del piso pélvico (MAP) cuando están bien entrenados, pueden influir positivamente en la vida sexual de las mujeres. Objetivo: Relacionar la funcionalidad de la musculatura del piso pélvico con la función sexual de mujeres ancianas activas físicamente. Método: Participaron en el estudio 35 ancianas sexual y físicamente activas con una edad promedio de 69,5 años. El nivel de actividad física se evaluó por medio del acelerómetro. Se aplicó una ficha diagnóstica, Índice de Función Sexual Femenina para evaluar la función sexual femenina, y la evaluación de los músculos del piso pélvico se realizó por medio del esquema PERFECT. La recolección de datos se realizó por pares y a ciegas, con dos investigadoras previamente entrenadas. Los datos fueron tratados por la estadística descriptiva y la correlación de Spearman. Resultados: Hubo correlación significativa entre el número de contracciones rápidas de fibras de la musculatura del suelo pélvico y la función sexual (rho = -0,41032, p = 0,0144) y la dimensión orgasmo (rho = -0,34679; p = 0,0413) en las ancianas investigadas. Conclusión: La musculatura del piso pélvico está relacionada con la función sexual femenina, destacando la importancia de mantenerse activa físicamente en la vejez.

Effects of belly dancing on body image and self-esteem in women with breast cancer - pilot study / Efeito da dança do ventre na imagem corporal e autoestima de mulheres com câncer de mama - estudo piloto / Efectos de la danza del vientre en la imagen corporal y autoestima de mujeres con cáncer de mama - estudio piloto

ABSTRACT Introduction Breast cancer has innumerable consequences in women's lives and physical activity can be beneficial during this period. Objectives To analyze the influence of belly dancing on the body image and self-esteem of women during and after breast cancer treatment. Methods Nineteen women diagnosed with breast cancer, divided into a control group (8 women) and a study group (11 women), who were under treatment or post-treatment at the Center for Oncological Research (CEPON), participated in the study. A questionnaire was used for data collection, divided into three blocks as follows: a) general information - sociodemographic and clinical characterization; b) body image - Body Image After Breast Cancer; and c) self-esteem - Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The study group underwent a belly dance intervention consisting of 60-minute classes, twice a week, for a total period of 12 weeks. Women in the control group only maintained their routine activities. Results Significant changes were observed in the improvement of body image in the belly dance group in the pre- and post-intervention periods in the body stigma (p = 0.017) and transparency (p = 0.021) scales. There were no changes in regards to self-esteem. The control group had no changes in either body image or self-esteem. Conclusion The influence of belly dancing on the improvement of women's body image was observed after 12 weeks of intervention. Thus, it is understood that physical activity may help these women after breast cancer, and should be encouraged by health professionals in this field. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução O câncer de mama traz inúmeras consequências para a vida das mulheres e a atividade física pode ser benéfica neste período. Objetivos Analisar a influência da dança do ventre na imagem corporal e autoestima das mulheres durante e após o tratamento do câncer de mama. Métodos Participaram do estudo 19 mulheres, divididas em grupo controle (oito mulheres) e grupo experimental (11 mulheres), diagnosticadas com câncer de mama em tratamento ou após o-tratamento no Centro de Pesquisas Oncológicas (CEPON). Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário dividido em três blocos: a) informações gerais - caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica; b) imagem corporal - Body Image After Breast Cancer; e c) autoestima - Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. O grupo experimental foi submetido a uma intervenção com aulas de 60 minutos de dança do ventre, duas vezes por semana, por um período total de 12 semanas. O grupo controle apenas manteve suas atividades de rotina. Resultados Houve mudanças significativas na melhora da imagem corporal no período pré- e pós-intervenção do grupo experimental, nas escalas de estigma corporal (p=0,017) e transparência (p=0,021). Não houve modificações em relação à autoestima. O grupo controle não apresentou mudanças tanto na imagem corporal quanto na autoestima. Conclusão Percebeu-se a influência da dança do ventre na melhora da imagem corporal das mulheres após 12 semanas de intervenção. Dessa maneira, entende-se que a prática de uma atividade física pode auxiliar essas mulheres após o câncer de mama e deve ser incentivada por profissionais de saúde desta área. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos-Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El cáncer de mama trae innumerables consecuencias para la vida de las mujeres y la actividad física puede ser beneficiosa en este período. Objetivos Analizar la influencia de la danza del vientre en la imagen corporal y la autoestima de las mujeres durante y después del tratamiento del cáncer de mama. Métodos Participaron del estudio 19 mujeres, divididas en grupo control (ocho mujeres) y grupo experimental (11 mujeres), diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama en tratamiento o post tratamiento en el Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CEPON). Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó un cuestionario dividido en tres bloques: a) informaciones generales - caracterización sociodemográfica y clínica; b) imagen corporal - Body Image After Breast Cancer; y c) autoestima - Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. El grupo experimental fue sometido a una intervención con clases de 60 minutos de danza del vientre, dos veces por semana, por un período total de 12 semanas. El grupo control sólo mantuvo sus actividades de rutina. Resultados Hubo cambios significativos en la mejora de la imagen corporal del período pre y post intervención del grupo experimental, en las escalas de estigma corporal (p = 0,017) y transparencia (p = 0,021). En la autoestima no se encontraron modificaciones. El grupo control no presentó cambios, tanto en la imagen corporal, como en la autoestima. Conclusión Se percibió la influencia de la danza del vientre en la mejora de la imagen corporal de las mujeres después de las 12 semanas de intervención. De esta manera, se entiende que la práctica de una actividad física puede ayudar a esas mujeres después del cáncer de mama, y debe ser incentivada por profesionales de salud de esta área. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos-Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Factors associated with depression symptoms in women after breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with the presence of depression symptoms in women after breast cancer. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 181 women with breast cancer, aged 57.0 years (SD = 9.5), who were undergoing treatment or after treatment in the Oncology Research Center in Florianópolis, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The questionnaire comprised items addressing general and health information, economic level, anthropometric measures, depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), and body image (Body Image After Breast Cancer Questionnaire). Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were performed by chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to verify association, Mann-Whitney U test to compare the groups and Poisson regression to identify the prevalence ratio of the factors associated with presence of depression symptoms (p < 0.05). RESULTS: We found an association between the presence of depression symptoms and the group of younger women (aged 40-60 years), those who had another disease besides cancer, those who had mastectomy surgery, those who suffered from lymphedema, and those who presented low-medium self-esteem. Less educated women presented more depressive symptoms, as did women with worse body image on the subscales of limitations, transparency, and arm concerns. CONCLUSIONS: Age, educational attainment, diagnosis of other diseases, type of surgery, lymphedema, self-esteem, and body image were factors associated with the presence of depression symptoms in Brazilian women after breast cancer. Health professionals should be aware of these relationships and try to detect depression symptoms earlier and improve the care they provide to these women.

Factors associated with depression symptoms in women after breast cancer

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with the presence of depression symptoms in women after breast cancer. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 181 women with breast cancer, aged 57.0 years (SD = 9.5), who were undergoing treatment or after treatment in the Oncology Research Center in Florianópolis, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The questionnaire comprised items addressing general and health information, economic level, anthropometric measures, depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), and body image (Body Image After Breast Cancer Questionnaire). Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were performed by chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to verify association, Mann-Whitney U test to compare the groups and Poisson regression to identify the prevalence ratio of the factors associated with presence of depression symptoms (p < 0.05). RESULTS: We found an association between the presence of depression symptoms and the group of younger women (aged 40-60 years), those who had another disease besides cancer, those who had mastectomy surgery, those who suffered from lymphedema, and those who presented low-medium self-esteem. Less educated women presented more depressive symptoms, as did women with worse body image on the subscales of limitations, transparency, and arm concerns. CONCLUSIONS: Age, educational attainment, diagnosis of other diseases, type of surgery, lymphedema, self-esteem, and body image were factors associated with the presence of depression symptoms in Brazilian women after breast cancer. Health professionals should be aware of these relationships and try to detect depression symptoms earlier and improve the care they provide to these women.

Breast reconstruction from the perspective of women submitted to mastectomy: a meta-etnography / Reconstrucción mamaria bajo la óptica de mujeres sometidas a la mastectomía: una metaetnografía / Reconstrução mamária sob a ótica de mulheres submetidas à mastectomia: uma metaetnografia

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze qualitative studies published in the national and international scientific literature on breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer, from the perspective of women. Method: systematic literature review using meta-ethnography, where the synthesis of knowledge is based on the induction and interpretation of the data found. Searches in the electronic databases identified 65 studies. 27 studides meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 13 studies compressed the analytical corpus of the review, according to the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. The data were synthesized by means of the meta-ethnographic approach. Results: the analyzed studies showed similarities regarding the women´s decision to perform breast reconstruction, the difficulty of choosing the type of surgery and to deal with the experience of the reconstruction, and that the women had difficulties in establishing relationships with certain health professionals, especially with doctors. They refer to the ambivalence of feelings regarding the expectations and results of breast reconstruction and complex process of "carrying on". Conclusion: this review synthesizes the scientific knowledge regarding women's perspective regarding the breast reconstruction process and highlights that health professionals must understand the perceptions of women undergoing mastectomy and breast reconstruction in order to improve the care provided.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los estudios cualitativos publicados en la literatura científica nacional e internacional sobre la reconstrucción mamaria luego de una mastectomía por cáncer de mama, bajo la óptica de las mujeres. Método: revisión sistemática de la literatura, del tipo metaetnográfico, donde la síntesis del conocimiento se basa en la inducción e interpretación de los datos encontrados. La búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos identificó 65 estudios, con 27 que atendíanlos criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Luego del análisis y de la clasificación de los mismos, según el checklist del Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, 13 constituyeron el corpus analítico de la revisión. Se sintetizaron los datos por medio de un abordaje metaetnográfico. Resultados: los estudios analizados señalaron similitudes en relación a la decisión de las mujeres de realizar o no una reconstrucción mamaria, el difícil momento de elegir el tipo de cirugía y de lidiar con la experiencia de la reconstrucción, que las mismas sienten dificultad para establecer un vínculo con determinados profesionales de la salud, sobre todo con los médicos. Relatan que existe una ambivalencia de sentimientos respecto a las expectativas y a los resultados de la reconstrucción mamaria y una complejidaden el proceso de "sobreponerse con éxito". Conclusión: esta revisión sintetiza el conocimiento científico sobre la óptica de las mujeres en relación al proceso de la reconstrucción mamaria y apunta a una necesidad de que los profesionales de la salud comprendan las percepciones de las mujeres sometidas a la mastectomía y reconstrucción mamaria, con el fin de mejorar la atención prestada.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar estudos qualitativos publicados na literatura científica nacional e internacional sobre reconstrução mamária após mastectomia por câncer de mama, sob a ótica das mulheres. Método: revisão sistemática de literatura, do tipo metaetnografia, onde a síntese do conhecimento está alicerçada na indução e interpretação dos dados encontrados. A busca eletrônica nas bases de dados identificou 65 estudos, com 27 atendendo os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Após análise e classificação dos mesmos, segundo checklist do Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, 13 constituíram o corpus analítico da revisão. Os dados foram sintetizados por meio da abordagem metaetnográfica. Resultados: os estudos analisados apontaram similaridades quanto à decisão das mulheres de realizar ou não reconstrução mamária, o difícil momento de escolher o tipo de cirurgia e de lidar com a experiência da reconstrução. As mesmas sentem dificuldades em estabelecer relação com determinados profissionais da saúde, principalmente com os médicos. Referem existir ambivalência de sentimentos quanto às expectativas e resultados da reconstrução mamária e complexidade no processo de "dar a volta por cima". Conclusão: esta revisão sintetiza o conhecimento científico sobre a ótica das mulheres em relação ao processo de reconstrução mamária e aponta para a necessidade dos profissionais de saúde compreenderem as percepções das mulheres submetidas à mastectomia e reconstrução mamária, a fim de melhorar a assistência prestada.

The breast reconstruction process of women with breast cancer: a theoretical model / El proceso de reconstrucción de la mama en mujeres con cáncer de mama: un modelo teórico / O processo de reconstrução mamária da mulher com câncer de mama: um modelo teórico

ABSTRACT Objective: to build a theoretical model on the experience and meaning of the breast reconstruction process in women with breast cancer. Method: a qualitative research using Grounded Theory and Symbolic Interactionism as theoretical-methodological frameworks. Data collection and analysis occurred simultaneously, from April to October 2015, through theoretical sampling and theoretical saturation of the categories. Theoretical sample with 31 participants, 21 women and 10 health professionals, interviewed at home or at work, comprising four sample groups. Results: the theoretical model "Women face challenges and overcome difficulties: fear of death, breast mutilation and breast reconstruction, changing the way of being a woman" offers an explanation of the phenomenon and emerged from the systematic interrelation of the 11 study categories, with three causal categories, one category representing the context, five categories of intervening conditions, the strategies and the consequences represented by one category each. Conclusion: this study demonstrates the experience of the breast reconstruction process for women with breast cancer, the meaning of overcoming difficulties, value life and oneself, putting themselves first, taking care of themselves and learning to change, to be more tolerant, to value material things less and to face life with courage and faith. It also indicates that research on theoretical models on issues that plague our professional practices can enhance teaching and science and, consequently, improve care in women's health.

RESUMEN Objetivo: construir un modelo teórico sobre la experiencia y el significado del proceso de reconstrucción mamaria de mujeres con cáncer de mama. Método: investigación cualitativa, con la teoría fundamentada en los datos y el interaccionismo simbólico como marcos teórico-metodológicos. La recolección y el análisis de datos ocurrieron simultáneamente, de abril a octubre de 2015, a través del muestreo teórico y la saturación teórica de las categorías. Muestra teórica con 31 participantes, 21 mujeres y 10 profesionales de la salud, entrevistados en el hogar o en el trabajo, compuesta por cuatro grupos de muestra. Resultados: el modelo teórico "Las mujeres enfrentan desafíos y superan dificultades: miedo a la muerte, mutilación de la mama y reconstrucción mamaria, cambiando la forma de ser mujer" ofrece una explicación del fenómeno y surgió de la interrelación sistemática provenientes de 11 categorías de estudio, siendo tres categorías causales, una categoría que representa el contexto, cinco categorías de condiciones intermedias, estrategias y consecuencias representadas a través de una categoría cada una. Conclusión: este estudio demuestra la experiencia del proceso de reconstrucción mamaria para mujeres con cáncer de mama, lo que significa superar las dificultades, valorar la vida y a sí mismas, ponerse en primer lugar, cuidarse y aprender a cambiar, a ser más tolerante, a dar menos valor a las cosas materiales y a enfrentar la vida con coraje y fe. También indica que la investigación de modelos teóricos sobre temas que afectan nuestras prácticas profesionales puede mejorar la enseñanza y la ciencia y, por consiguiente, mejorar la atención en la salud de las mujeres.

RESUMO Objetivo: construir um modelo teórico sobre a experiência e significado do processo de reconstrução mamária da mulher com câncer de mama. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, com Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados e Interacionismo Simbólico como referenciais teórico-metodológicos. Coleta e análise de dados ocorreram simultaneamente, de abril a outubro de 2015, mediante amostragem teórica e saturação teórica das categorias. Amostra teórica com 31 participantes, sendo 21 mulheres e dez profissionais da saúde, entrevistados no domicílio ou local de trabalho, compondo quatro grupos amostrais. Resultados: o modelo teórico "A mulher enfrenta desafios e supera dificuldades: o medo da morte, a mutilação da mama e reconstrução mamária, modificando a maneira de ser mulher" oferece uma explicação sobre o fenômeno e surgiu do interrelacionamento sistemático das 11 categorias do estudo, sendo três categorias causais, uma categoria representando o contexto, cinco categorias de condições intervenientes, as estratégias e as consequências representadas por uma categoria cada. Conclusão: este estudo demonstra a vivência do processo de reconstrução mamária para a mulher com câncer de mama, significando transpassar dificuldades, valorizar a vida e a si mesma, colocando-se em primeiro lugar, cuidando de si e aprendendo a mudar, a ser mais tolerante, a dar menos valor a coisas materiais e a encarar a vida com coragem e fé. Também indica que pesquisas em busca de modelos teóricos sobre questões que atormentam nossas práticas profissionais podem incrementar o ensino e a ciência e melhorar, por consequência, a assistência na área da saúde da mulher.